valutazioni - 2, GPA: 3.5
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Facilità d'uso
TVM is the Financial Mode on the calculator. However, Financial Mathematics questions can also be performed in RUN, EQUA and SSHT modes. TVM is fantastic for investigating financial scenarios and is very easy to use when dealing with annuity investment and loan scenarios. However, it is important to realize TVM is essentially a 'black-box' … a number-in, number-out 'machine' . It is therefore mathematically wise to expose students to using at least RUN and EQUA in addition to TVM when dealing with financial mathematics over the full duration of a course. There are excellent PD resources at http:/ / casioed.net. au/ services/ tuition/fx9860/fx9860_ tuition. php which include easy-to-follow worksheets, instructions, and videos on financial mathematics which deal with RUN, EQUA and SPREADSHEET Modes. Below are instructions that will get you started with TVM. There are different sets of protocols by which TVM can be used. The protocol outlined below is very easy to follow. Press MENU, scroll to TVM, EXE, then press F2 for Compound Interest (Fig1) Fig1 Note that numbers will appear on this screen from previous calculations. Pay no attention to these numbers. Casio 9860 Graphic Calculator Self – Guided Instructions TVM Mode © Richard Andrew / Stuart Palmer 2008 1 The TVM protocols to be used are: n= number of time intervals ( could be 8 years or 32 quarters or 96 months) I% = the per annum interest rate, as a percentage eg 11.5% is entered as 11.5 ( not 0.115) PV = Present Value PMT = Payment, per time period FV = Future Value P/ Y = It is best to consider both P/ Y and C/ Y as the number of compounding periods per year; ie both values will always be identical. ( P/ Y is meant to stand for 'payments/ year' but this does not make sense for this protocol) C/ Y = Same as P/ Y Eg. If the investment ( or loan) is compounding annually ( once per year) , then P/ Y=C/ Y=1. If the investment ( or loan) is compounding quarterly ( 4 times per year) , then P/ Y=C/ Y=4. If the investment ( or loan) is compounding monthly ( 12 times per year) , then P/ Y=C/ Y=12. NOTE: The dollar values ( PV, PMT and FV) need to be entered either as positives or negatives, depending on the situation. This seems confusing at first, but is actually very simple. Consider each situation to be money either LEAVING your pocket OR RETURNING to your pocket. • If money is LEAVING your pocket, the number is entered as a negative. • If money is returning to you, the number is entered as a positive. Therefore: • receiving a loan of $5000: PV = 5000 • a regular payment from you of $260: PMT = - 260 • investing $50 000: PV = - 50 000 • an investment that will be worth $100 000 in 10 years time: FV= 100 000 Casio 9860 Graphic Calculator Self – Guided Instructions TVM Mode © Richard Andrew / Stuart Palmer 2008 Below are two examples that involve a once- only investment that receives compound interest. Example 1: A sum of $ 2 000 is invested at 8%pa interest, compounded monthly, for 20 years. What is the future value of this investment? Enter the values as they appear in the question, pressing EXE after each entry. Leave FV as the pre-existing value. Check your entries with Fig2 NOTES: n=20x12; is the number of months. A good habit for students to enter n as (eg 20x12) so as to minimize careless error. I% =8; in TVM, the interest is always pa PV is negative because $ 2000 'left' your pocket PMT=0; there were no regular payments FV CAN BE ANYTHING! It is what we want to know so it makes no difference what number is showing here. P/ Y and C/ Y = 12; the interest compounds 12 times every year. P/ Y and C/ Y are always equal. Now press F5 for FV (Future Value) . See Fig3. The answer can be read in the previous screen by pressing EXIT ( Fig4) Note that FV is positive, not negative, because after 20 years the investment goes 'back into your pocket' . The investment has grown from $2000 to $9853.61 Example 2: What annual interest rate will be required for an investment of $12 000 to become $18 000 in 5 years, if the interest compounds annually? Enter the values as they appear in the question, pressing EXE after each entry. Check your entries with Fig5. NOTES: n= 5 ( years) I% =ANYTHING; It is what we want to know so it makes no difference what number is entered here. PV is negative because $ 12000 'left' your pocket. PMT=0; there were no regular payments FV is positive because $ 18000 will 'return' to your pocket in the future. P/ Y and C/ Y = 1; the interest compounds once a year. P/ Y and C/ Y are always equal. Now press F2 for the interest rate ( Fig6) Fig2 Fig3 Fig4 Fig5 Fig6 Casio 9860 Graphic Calculator Self – Guided Instructions TVM Mode © Richard Andrew / Stuart Palmer 2008 3 Press EXIT to view solution in previous screen. ( Fig7) Below is an example that involves repeated investments ( an annuity) that receives compound interest. Example 1a) : A sum of $ 2 000 is invested at the end of every year, at 8%pa interest, compounded yearly, for 20 years. What ...