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Scheduling Access to Physical Resources
One of the critical functions of the VM Host is managing VM access to physical resources – processor
resources in particular. Each virtual machine has a guaranteed resource entitlement associated with
it. Leveraging the fair-share scheduler (FSS) functionality inherent in the HP-UX operating system, the
VM Host system enforces processor resource allocation to virtual machines. The Integrity VM
scheduler accomplishes this by assigning each VM to a unique FSS allocation group. These FSS
groups are analogous to those found in HP Process Resource Manager. This functionality guarantees
allocation of physical processor resources sufficient to meet the demand of a virtual machine until that
allocation reaches the virtual machine’s entitlement. Once a virtual machine receives its entitled
share of resources it will not receive any additional resources until all other virtual machines have their
resource demands met in the same manner. The VM Host system enforces this allocation behavior
regardless of the resource demand of other virtual machines hosted on that VM Host system.
Integrity VM uses processor resources to emulate virtual I/O adapters configured for a virtual
machine. As these virtual adapters are part of the virtual machine, their use is also subject to that
virtual machine’s guaranteed processor entitlement.
The FSS functionality is also applied to other entities running on the VM Host system, including virtual
Ethernet switches, management tools and agents such as those used by HP’s Global Workload
Manager and Glance. The VM Host identifies any entity that is not part of the Integrity Virtual
Machine environment and places it in an FSS group that collectively has a minimal guaranteed
entitlement. This provides a minimal amount of processing resources necessary for management tools
while protecting virtual machines from entities that may deliberately or inadvertently attempt to affect
resource allocation to those virtual machines.
Virtual Machines
Integrity Virtual Machines presents a virtualization of an Integrity-based computer system by
virtualizing computer system components such as processors, memory, storage, and network
interfaces. Such a virtual machine is accessed through the Intel® Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
providing functionality analogous to that of a physical server. Operating systems are installed on the
virtual machine using its firmware interface in the same way as they are with physical HP Integrity
servers.
Virtual Machine Monitor
Each virtual machine has a virtual machine monitor (VMM). The VMM provides memory
management, device emulation, binary translation, and low-level fault handling functionality to the
virtual machine.
Integrity systems feature processors with four privilege levels or “rings.” Ring zero is the most
privileged and ring three is the least. Only code executing in ring zero can perform privileged
operations. Integrity VM’s virtual machine monitor assists in limiting the time a virtual machine
executes in ring zero by trapping interrupts whenever code running in the virtual machine executes a
privileged operation. In most cases, the VMM uses the binary translator to create a sequence of
instructions that performs the same privileged instruction task, but does so without any privileged
operations. In doing so, the VMM prevents the virtual machine from executing in a higher processor
ring.
The virtual machine monitor’s management of memory and emulation of virtual devices prevents the
virtual machine from reading or executing translated code as well as preventing access of the virtual
devices belonging to other virtual machines.
As a result, the VMM also services those interrupts that must be delivered to the physical VM Host
system using its low-level fault handlers, e.g., to service memory-access faults or complete an I/O
transaction to physical storage.
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